Preoperative Airway Ultrasound Combined with Clinical Assessment Improves Prediction of Difficult Laryngoscopy: A Prospective Observational Study

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Vol 6 | Issue 2 | July-December 2025 | Page 07-10 | Himaunshu Dongre, Sandeep Diwan, Bharti Adhye, Suhrud Panchwagh, Parag Sancheti

DOI: https://doi.org/10.13107/ijra.2025.v06.i02.130

Open Access License: CC BY-NC 4.0

Copyright Statement: Copyright © 2025; The Author(s).

Submitted: 21-10-2025; Reviewed: 17-11-2025; Accepted: 29-11-2025; Published: 10-12-2025

Authors: Himaunshu Dongre [1], Sandeep Diwan [1], Bharti Adhye [1], Suhrud Panchwagh [2], Parag Sancheti [3]

[1] Department of Anaesthesiology, Sancheti Hospital, Pune, Maharashtra, India.
[2] MBBS, Smt. Kashibai Navale Medical College, Pune, Maharashtra, India.
[3] Department of Orthopaedics, Sancheti Hospital, Pune, Maharashtra, India.

Address of Correspondence

Dr. Himaunshu Dongre,
Department of Anesthesiology, Sancheti Hospital, Pune, Maharashtra, India.
E-mail: himaunshu.dongre@gmail.com

Abstract

Background: Conventional bedside airway assessment tests have limited accuracy in predicting difficult laryngoscopy. Point-of-care airway ultrasound provides objective anatomical information and may improve preoperative airway evaluation. This study evaluated the role of ultrasonographic airway measurements alone and in combination with conventional clinical assessment in predicting difficult laryngoscopy.
Methods: In this prospective observational study, 40 adult patients undergoing elective lumbar spine surgery under general anaesthesia underwent preoperative airway evaluation using Modified Mallampati classification, sternomental distance, mentothyroid distance, and mentohyoid distance. Airway ultrasound was performed using a high-frequency linear probe to measure skin-to-epiglottis distance (SED) and skin-to-midpoint of the vocal cords distance (SVD). Direct laryngoscopy was performed by an anaesthesiologist blinded to the airway assessment findings, and laryngoscopic view was graded using the Cormack-Lehane classification. Logistic regression and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analyses were used to determine predictive performance.
Results: Thirteen patients (32.5%) had difficult laryngoscopy. Among the ultrasonographic parameters, SED was the strongest independent predictor of difficult laryngoscopy (p=0.035). Ultrasound-based assessment demonstrated higher diagnostic accuracy than conventional clinical tests alone. The combined clinical-ultrasound model achieved the best performance with a sensitivity of 92.3%, specificity of 96.2%, positive predictive value of 85.7%, and negative predictive value of 96.2%.
Conclusion: Airway ultrasound complements conventional bedside assessment and improves prediction of difficult laryngoscopy. Incorporation of SED into routine preoperative airway evaluation may facilitate better airway planning and enhance patient safety.
Keywords: Airway ultrasound, Difficult airway, Difficult laryngoscopy, Skin-to-epiglottis distance, Preoperative airway assessment.

References

1. Wang L, Feng YK, Hong L, Xie WL, Chen SQ, Yin P, et al. Ultrasound for diagnosing new difficult laryngoscopy indicator: a prospective, self-controlled, assessor-blinded observational study. Chin Med J (Engl). 2019;132:2066-72.
2. Lee A, Fan LT, Gin T, Karmakar MK, Ngan Kee WD. A systematic review (meta-analysis) of the accuracy of the Mallampati tests to predict the difficult airway. Anesth Analg. 2006;102:1867-78.
3. Frerk C, Mitchell VS, McNarry AF, Mendonca C, Bhagrath R, Patel A, et al. Difficult Airway Society 2015 guidelines for management of unanticipated difficult intubation in adults. Br J Anaesth. 2015;115:827-48.
4. Osman A, Sum KM. Role of upper airway ultrasound in airway management. J Intensive Care. 2016;4:52.
5. Parameswari A, Govind M, Vakamudi M. Correlation between preoperative ultrasonographic airway assessment and laryngoscopic view in adult patients: a prospective study. J Anaesthesiol Clin Pharmacol. 2017;33:353-8.
6. Hui CM, Tsui BC. Sublingual ultrasound as an assessment method for predicting difficult intubation: a pilot study. Anaesthesia. 2014;69:314-9.
7. Sotoodehnia M, Rafiemanesh H, Mirfazaelian H, Safaie A, Baratloo A. Ultrasonography indicators for predicting difficult intubation: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Emerg Med. 2021;21:76.
8. Martínez-García A, Guerrero-Orriach JL, Pino-Gálvez MA. Ultrasonography for predicting difficult laryngoscopy: getting closer. J Clin Monit Comput. 2021;35:269-77.
9. Roth D, Pace NL, Lee A, Hovhannisyan K, Warenits AM, Arrich J, et al. Airway physical examination tests for detection of difficult airway management in apparently normal adult patients. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2018;5:CD008874.

How to Cite this Article: Dongre H, Diwan S, Adhye B, Panchwagh S, Sancheti P. Preoperative Ultrasound Imaging of the Airway: A New Tool in Anticipating Difficult Airway in Clinical Practice. International Journal of Regional Anaesthesia. July-December 2025; 6(2): 07-10. DOI: https://doi.org/10.13107/ijra.2025.v06.i02.130

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From Nerves to Fascial Planes: The Changing Paradigm of Regional Anaesthesia

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Vol 6 | Issue 2 | July-December 2025 | Page 01-02 | Sandeep Diwan

DOI: https://doi.org/10.13107/ijra.2025.v06.i02.126

Open Access License: CC BY-NC 4.0

Copyright Statement: Copyright © 2025; The Author(s).

Authors: Sandeep Diwan [1]

[1] Department of Anaesthesiology, Sancheti Hospital, Pune, Maharashtra, India.

Address of Correspondence

Dr. Sandeep Diwan,
Department of Anaesthesiology, Sancheti Hospital, Pune, Maharashtra, India.
Email ID: sdiwan14@gmail.com

Editorial

Regional anaesthesia has always been a story of continuous evolution. We moved from anatomical landmarks to nerve stimulation, and then to ultrasound, each advance bringing greater precision and safety. Today, however, we find ourselves at another turning point. The excitement is no longer just about introducing another block; it is about understanding why blocks work and how anatomy, fascial planes, and injectate behaviour shape clinical outcomes.
The articles in this issue of the International Journal of Regional Anaesthesia beautifully reflect this evolution. The discussions on the Para-Iliopsoas (PIP) block, Modified Thoracoabdominal Plane Block (M-TAPA), and External Oblique Intercostal Plane Block (EOIPB) remind us that regional anaesthesia is gradually shifting from a nerve-centric specialty to one that is increasingly anatomy-driven.
For many years, success meant placing local anaesthetic as close as possible to a named nerve. Fascial plane blocks have challenged that traditional thinking. They have taught us that tissue planes, anatomical continuity, and the behaviour of injectate are equally important. The question we now ask is no longer simply, Which nerve am I blocking? Instead, we ask, Which anatomical pathway am I influencing? That subtle change in perspective has opened new possibilities in both research and clinical practice.
The newer techniques featured in this issue should therefore not be viewed merely as additions to an already long list of blocks. Rather, they represent refinements in our understanding of anatomy. Whether targeting the iliopsoas compartment, the perichondrial plane, or the external oblique intercostal interface, each technique seeks to improve analgesia while minimizing motor blockade and unnecessary tissue disruption.
Equally refreshing is the balanced scientific approach adopted by the authors. They acknowledge that the available evidence is still evolving, with limitations such as small sample sizes, heterogeneous methodologies, and variable sensory mapping. Such honesty strengthens the science. Innovation should stimulate curiosity, but it is rigorous evidence that ultimately determines whether a technique earns its place in everyday clinical practice.
Another striking feature of contemporary regional anaesthesia is the growing partnership between cadaveric research and clinical investigation. Cadaveric dissections, combined with CT imaging and meticulous anatomical studies, are helping us visualize injectate spread and better understand why certain techniques succeed while others produce variable results. These studies are steadily narrowing the gap between anatomical theory and bedside practice.
Ultrasound has also matured beyond being simply a tool for locating nerves. It now allows us to appreciate anatomy as a dynamic, three-dimensional system. Success depends not only on identifying structures but also on recognizing fascial planes, hydrodissection, needle trajectory, and real-time injectate spread. Precision today lies as much in understanding anatomy as in technical skill.
Looking ahead, the future of regional anaesthesia is likely to extend well beyond new block descriptions. Artificial intelligence, advanced imaging, computational modelling of injectate spread, and personalized analgesic strategies promise to further transform our practice. As our understanding grows, regional anaesthesia is evolving from a procedural discipline into a comprehensive science of precision perioperative pain management.
As the official journal of AORA, IJRA has an important responsibility in this journey. Our role is not simply to publish new techniques but to encourage thoughtful debate, robust anatomical research, and high-quality clinical evidence. Progress in regional anaesthesia will ultimately be measured not by the number of blocks we describe, but by how well we understand anatomy, critically evaluate evidence, and translate both into safer, more effective care for our patients.
Sandeep Diwan
Editor IJRA

How to Cite this Article: Diwan S. From Nerves to Fascial Planes: The Changing Paradigm of Regional Anaesthesia. International Journal of Regional Anaesthesia. July-December 2025; 6(2): 01-02. DOI: https://doi.org/10.13107/ijra.2025.v06.i02.126

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Erector Spinae Plane Block with Ultrasound- and CT-Based Double-Lumen Tube Selection for Thoracotomy in Giant Pulmonary Hydatid Cyst: A Case Report

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Vol 6 | Issue 2 | July-December 2025 | Page 20-22 | Nazia Nazir, Bhumika Gautam, Shivi Mishra, Samiksha Khanuja, Savita Gupta

DOI: https://doi.org/10.13107/ijra.2025.v06.i02.138

Open Access License: CC BY-NC 4.0

Copyright Statement: Copyright © 2025; The Author(s).

Submitted: 20-07-2025; Reviewed: 15-08-2025; Accepted: 17-10-2024; Published: 10-12-2025

Authors: Nazia Nazir [1], Bhumika Gautam [1], Shivi Mishra [1], Samiksha Khanuja [1], Savita Gupta [1]

[1] Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Government Institute of Medical Sciences, Greater Noida, UP, India.

Address of Correspondence

Dr. Nazia Nazir,
Department of Anesthesiology and Critical CareGovernment Institute of Medical Sciences, Greater Noida, UP, India.
E-mail: nazunazir@gmail.com

Abstract

Background: Excision of giant pulmonary hydatid cysts carries high risks of cyst rupture, anaphylaxis, and respiratory compromise, necessitating precise lung isolation and robust regional analgesia.
Case Description: A 35-year-old female presented for posterolateral thoracotomy to excise a giant pulmonary hydatid cyst. The primary anesthetic goals were to ensure atraumatic lung isolation and minimize postoperative pulmonary complications.
Intervention: A multimodal approach was utilized: airway ultrasound and CT imaging were combined to precisely select a left-sided double-lumen tube (DLT). For analgesia, an ultrasound-guided erector spinae plane (ESP) block was administered preoperatively to facilitate an opioid-sparing technique.
Outcome: The strategy resulted in effective lung isolation, excellent intraoperative stability, and superior postoperative pain control. The patient was extubated early, demonstrated improved respiratory mechanics, and achieved an uneventful recovery with minimal opioid requirements.
Conclusion: Combining image-guided airway assessment with the ESP block provides a safe, effective, and comprehensive anesthetic strategy for high-risk thoracic procedures.
Keywords: Airway ultrasound, Double-lumen tube sizing, Erector spinae plane block, Thoracotomy analgesia, Pulmonary hydatid cyst, One-lung ventilation

References

1. Al-Hurani M, Al-Hadrab Y, Ayoub KR, Al-Salhi A, Al-Sarsour HS, Kocher GJ. Thoracoscopic Approach for Treating a Primary Hydatid Cyst in the Thymus in a Teenager: A Case Report. Am J Case Rep. 2025; 22;26: e948600.
2. Sachar S, Goyal S, Goyal S, Sangwan S. Uncommon locations and presentations of hydatid cyst. Ann Med Health Sci Res. 2014;4(3):447-52.
3. Pokhriyal, Abhimanyu Singh; Tomar, Sonu; Saran, Vinayak. Anesthetic management of the patient with large pulmonary hydatid cyst: A case report. Bali Journal of Anesthesiology 2024;8(1): 53-6
4. Chin KJ, Adhikary S, Sarwani N, Forero M. The analgesic efficacy of pre-operative bilateral erector spinae plane blocks in thoracic surgery. Anaesthesia. 2017;72(4):452–460.
5. Mathew RM, Gautam S, Raman R, Rai A, Srivastava VK, Singh MK. Evaluating the precision of ultrasound versus computed tomography-guided measurement of cricoid cartilage diameter for double-lumen tube selection in thoracic surgery: A randomised comparative study. Indian J Anaesth. 2024; 68(10):896-901.
6. Brodsky JB, Lemmens HJ. Left double-lumen tube size selection: A practical method.
Anesth Analg. 2005;100(3):853–856.
7. Pooja Chandran, Ankit Agarwal, Debendra K Tripathy, Nitish Thakur, Vikram Chandra. Anaesthetic Considerations in Simultaneous Management of Pulmonary and Hepatic Ruptured Hydatid Cyst: A Case Report. Archives of Anesthesiology and Critical Care 2023; 9(3): 265-267.
8. Fang B, Wang Z, Huang X. Ultrasound-guided preoperative single-dose erector spinae plane block provides comparable analgesia to thoracic paravertebral block following thoracotomy. Ann Transl Med. 2019;7(8):174.

How to Cite this Article: Nazir N, Gautam B, Mishra S, Khanuja S, Gupta S. Erector Spinae Plane Block with Ultrasoundand CT-Based Double-Lumen Tube Selection for Thoracotomy in Giant Pulmonary Hydatid Cyst: A Case Report. International Journal of Regional Anaesthesia. July-December 2025; 6(2): 20-22. DOI: https://doi.org/10.13107/ijra.2025.v06.i02.138

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Spinal Anaesthesia for Inguinal Herniotomy in an Infant with Mucopolysaccharidosis type III with skeletal dwarfism: A Case Report

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Vol 6 | Issue 2 | July-December 2025 | Page 16-19 | Sreyashi Naskar , K R Chandrakala , Soumya Nayak

DOI: https://doi.org/10.13107/ijra.2025.v06.i02.136

Open Access License: CC BY-NC 4.0

Copyright Statement: Copyright © 2025; The Author(s).

Submitted: 01-06-2025; Reviewed: 29-06-2025; Accepted: 13-11-2025; Published: 10-12-2025

Authors: Sreyashi Naskar [1], K R Chandrakala [1], Soumya Nayak [1]

[1] Department of Paediatric Anaesthesiology, Indira Gandhi Institute of Child Health, Bangalore, Karnataka, India.

Address of Correspondence

Dr. Sreyashi Naskar,
Department of Paediatric Anaesthesiology, Indira Gandhi Institute of Child Health, Bangalore, Karnataka. India
E-mail id: sreyashi.n@gmail.com

Abstract

Mucopolysaccharidosis (MPS) is an inherited lysosomal storage disorder where glycosaminoglycans accumulate in various connective tissues, resulting into a myriad of organ system abnormalities. One of the most challenging aspect of their anaesthesia management is airway control, as these are almost always deemed difficult airway subjects. Anaesthetising neonates or small infants with MPS proves to be an even more critical scenario due to their added airway and respiratory physiological characteristics. Conducting surgeries on such patients under sole regional/ neuraxial anaesthesia can be an extremely efficacious and safe approach, provided the difficulties in their neuraxial anatomy are kept in mind, and thereof, managed accordingly. However, sole neuraxial anaesthesia in small children with MPS is scantly reported in existing literature and hence needs further reporting and study.
Keywords: Mucopolysaccharidoses, Mucopolysaccharidosis III, Obstructive Sleep Apneas, Dwarfism, Airway management

References

1. Valstar MJ, Ruijter GJ, van Diggelen OP, Poorthuis BJ, Wijburg FA. Sanfilippo syndrome: a mini-review. J Inherit Metab Dis. 2008;31(2):240-252. doi:10.1007/s10545-008-0838-5
2. Clark BM, Sprung J, Weingarten TN, Warner ME. Anesthesia for patients with mucopolysaccharidoses: Comprehensive review of the literature with emphasis on airway management. Bosn J Basic Med Sci. 2018;18(1):1-7. Published 2018 Feb 20. doi:10.17305/bjbms.2017.2201
3. Frawley G, Fuenzalida D, Donath S, Yaplito-Lee J, Peters H. A retrospective audit of anesthetic techniques and complications in children with mucopolysaccharidoses. Paediatr Anaesth. 2012;22(8):737-744. doi:10.1111/j.1460-9592.2012.03825.x
4. Megens JH, de Wit M, van Hasselt PM, Boelens JJ, van der Werff DB, de Graaff JC. Perioperative complications in patients diagnosed with mucopolysaccharidosis and the impact of enzyme replacement therapy followed by hematopoietic stem cell transplantation at early age. Paediatr Anaesth. 2014;24(5):521-527. doi:10.1111/pan.12370
5. Walker R, Belani KG, Braunlin EA, et al. Anaesthesia and airway management in mucopolysaccharidosis. J Inherit Metab Dis. 2013;36(2):211-219. doi:10.1007/s10545-012-9563-1
6. Theroux MC, Nerker T, Ditro C, Mackenzie WG. Anesthetic care and perioperative complications of children with Morquio syndrome. Paediatr Anaesth. 2012;22(9):901-907. doi:10.1111/j.1460-9592.2012.03904.x
7. Kempthorne PM, Brown TC. Anaesthesia and the mucopolysaccharidoses: a survey of techniques and problems. Anaesth Intensive Care. 1983;11(3):203-207. doi:10.1177/0310057X8301100304
8. Cingi EC, Beebe DS, Whitley CB, Belani KG. Anesthetic care and perioperative complications in children with Sanfilipo Syndrome Type A. Paediatr Anaesth. 2016;26(5):531-538. doi:10.1111/pan.12876
9. Cade J, Jansen N. Anesthetic Challenges in an Adult with Mucopolysaccharidosis Type VI. A A Case Rep. 2014;2(12):152-154. doi:10.1213/XAA.0000000000000031
10. Vas L, Naregal F. Failed epidural anaesthesia in a patient with Hurler’s disease. Paediatr Anaesth. 2000;10:95-98
11. Berkowitz ID, Raja SN, Bender KS, Kopits SE. Dwarfs: pathophysiology and anesthetic implications. Anesthesiology. 1990;73(4):739-759.
12. Dr Andrew O’Donoghue, Dr James Isherwood, Dr Brıd McGrath. Anaesthesia for Paediatric Patients with Achondroplastic short stature. ATOTW 476. Published July 19, 2022.

How to Cite this Article: Naskar S, Chandrakala KR, Nayak S. Spinal Anaesthesia for Inguinal Herniotomy in an Infant with Mucopolysaccharidosis type III with skeletal dwarfism: A Case Report. International Journal of Regional Anaesthesia. July-December 2025; 6(2): 16-19. DOI: https://doi.org/10.13107/ijra.2025.v06.i02.136

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External Oblique Intercostal Plane Block

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Vol 6 | Issue 2 | July-December 2025 | Page 12-15 | Rashmi Syal

DOI: https://doi.org/10.13107/ijra.2025.v06.i02.134

Open Access License: CC BY-NC 4.0

Copyright Statement: Copyright © 2025; The Author(s).

Submitted: 09-09-2025; Reviewed: 05-10-2025; Accepted: 17-11-2025; Published: 10-12-2025

Authors: Rashmi Syal [1]

[1] Department of Anaesthesia, Dr. S.N Medical College, Jodhpur, Rajasthan, India.

Address of Correspondence

Dr. Rashmi Syal,
Department of Anaesthesia, Dr. S.N Medical College, Jodhpur, Rajasthan, India.
Email: rashmisyal2006@gmail.com

Abstract

External plane fascial plane block is a newer block that targets lateral cutaneous and anterior cutaneous divisions of the thoracoabdominal intercostal nerves. The intended site of injection is the interfacial plane deep to the external oblique muscle and superficial to the underlying intercostal musculature, which extends longitudinally along the anterolateral thoracoabdominal wall. At the level of the sixth rib, a high-frequency linear ultrasound transducer is placed in the sagittal plane between the midclavicular and anterior axillary lines, with the orientation marker directed cranially. The needle is then advanced in-plane from a superomedial-to-inferolateral direction, with the skin entry point just medial to the anterior axillary line at a level cranial to the sixth rib.
Keywords: External oblique intercostal plane, Thoracoabdominal intercostal nerves, Local anaesthetic

References

1. Hamilton DL, Manickam BP, Wilson MAJ, Abdel Meguid E. External oblique fascial plane block. Reg Anesth Pain Med. 2019;rapm-2018-100256. doi:10.1136/rapm-2018-100256.
2. Elsharkawy H, Kolli S, Soliman LM, Seif J, Drake RL, Mariano ER, et al. The external oblique intercostal block: anatomic evaluation and case series. Pain Med. 2021;22:2436–42.
3. White L, Ji A. External oblique intercostal plane block for upper abdominal surgery: use in obese patients. Br J Anaesth. 2022;128:e295–7.
4. Elsharkawy H, Maniker R, Bolash R, et al. Rhomboid intercostal and subserratus plane block: a cadaveric and clinical evaluation. Reg Anesth Pain Med. 2018;43(7):745–51.
5. Miyawaki M. Constancy and characteristics of the anterior cutaneous branch of the first intercostal nerve: correcting the descriptions in human anatomy texts. Anat Sci Int. 2006;81(4):225–41.
6. Thakore S, Mistry T, Nair AS, Kaasat A. External oblique intercostal plane block: a scoping review of anatomy, techniques, and clinical applications. Indian J Anaesth. 2026;70:157–76.
7. Saran A, Hoda W, Pandey K, Mahendru K, Kumar A, Sarma R. External oblique intercostal plane block for postoperative analgesia: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Indian J Anaesth. 2026;70:27–40.
8. Ozel ES, Kaya C, Turunc E, Ustun YB, Cebeci H, Dost B. Analgesic efficacy of the external oblique intercostal fascial plane block on postoperative acute pain in laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy: a randomized controlled trial. Korean J Anesthesiol. 2025;78:159–70.
9. Cosarcan SK, Ercelen O. The analgesic contribution of external oblique intercostal block: case reports of 3 different surgeries and 3 spectacular effects. Medicine (Baltimore). 2022;101:e30435.
10. Cosarcan SK, Yavuz Y, Dogan AT, et al. Can postoperative pain be prevented in bariatric surgery? Efficacy and usability of fascial plane blocks: a retrospective clinical study. Obes Surg.2022;32:2921–9.

How to Cite this Article: Syal R. External Oblique Intercostal Plane Block. International Journal of Regional Anaesthesia. July-December 2025; 6(2): 12-15. DOI: https://doi.org/10.13107/ijra.2025.v06.i02.134

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Para-Iliopsoas Block: Anatomical Rationale, Technique, and Contemporary Clinical Perspective

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Vol 6 | Issue 2 | July-December 2025 | Page 08-11 | Kirtika Yadav, Neel Kamal Mishra, Prem Raj Singh

DOI: https://doi.org/10.13107/ijra.2025.v06.i02.132

Open Access License: CC BY-NC 4.0

Copyright Statement: Copyright © 2025; The Author(s).

Submitted: 11-08-2025; Reviewed: 09-09-2025; Accepted: 21-11-2025; Published: 10-12-2025

Authors: Kirtika Yadav [1], Neel Kamal Mishra [1], Prem Raj Singh [1]

[1] Department of Anaesthesiology, King George’s Medical University, Lucknow, U.P., India.

Address of Correspondence

Dr. Prem Raj Singh,
Department of Anaesthesiology, King George’s Medical University, Lucknow, U.P. India.
E-mail: dr.p.rajsingh@gmail.com

Abstract

The para-iliopsoas (PIP) plane block is a novel regional anaesthesia technique developed to enhance analgesia for hip and proximal thigh surgeries. By targeting the fascial plane between the iliopsoas complex and fascia iliaca at the level of the anterior superior iliac spine, the PIP block facilitates deposition of local anaesthetic near the lumbosacral trunk. This approach aims to achieve reliable blockade of the femoral nerve, lateral femoral cutaneous nerve, and potentially the obturator nerve, thereby improving hip joint analgesia while minimizing quadriceps weakness. Ultrasound guidance enables precise needle placement and visualization of spread, with volumes of 20–30 ml required to overcome fascial resistance and promote longitudinal distribution. Clinical applications include total hip arthroplasty, hip arthroscopy, femoral neck fractures, and anterior thigh procedures, with reported benefits of reduced opioid consumption and improved patient positioning for neuraxial anaesthesia. However, limitations include variable obturator coverage, anatomical variability, and risks of peritoneal or vascular injury with deep needle advancement. Current evidence is limited to cadaveric, imaging, and small clinical series, underscoring the need for further validation. The PIP block holds promise as part of multimodal, opioid-sparing analgesia strategies in hip surgery.
Keywords: Regional anaesthesia, Fascial plane blocks, Hip surgery

References

1. Sharma SK, Sonawane K, Mistry T. A narrative review on fascial plane blocks–Part A: Anatomical foundations and mechanistic insights. Indian Journal of Anaesthesia. 2026 Jan 1;70(1):127-36. https://doi.org/10.4103/ija.ija_1553_25
2. Saini T, Aggarwal M, Singh U, Singh MR. Pericapsular nerve group (PENG) block versus supra-inguinal fascia iliaca (SIFI) block for functional outcome in patients undergoing hip surgeries–A randomised controlled study. Indian Journal of Anaesthesia. 2024 Dec 1;68(12):1043-8. https://doi.org/10.4103/ija.ija_838_24
3. Diwan S, Nair A, Gawai N, Shah D, Sancheti P. Circumpsoas block–an anterior myofascial plane block for lumbar plexus elements: case report. Brazilian Journal of Anesthesiology. 2023 Oct 23;73(5):689-94. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bjane.2021.04.015
4. Hu J, Wang Q, Hu J, Gong C, Yang J. Analgesic efficacy of anterior iliopsoas muscle space block combined with local infiltration analgesia after total hip arthroplasty: a prospective, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Anaesthesia Critical Care & Pain Medicine. 2023 Dec 1;42(6):101282. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.accpm.2023.101282
5. Ghimire A, Kalsotra S, Tobias JD, Veneziano G. Suprainguinal fascia iliaca compartment block in pediatric-aged patients: An educational focused review. Saudi Journal of Anaesthesia. 2025 Jan 1;19(1):65-76. https://doi.org/10.4103/sja.sja_467_24
6. Almeida CR. The novel proximal para-iliopsoas (PPIP) block for hip surgery: a technical report. Indian journal of anaesthesia. 2022 Dec 1;66(12):885-6.
https://doi.org/10.4103/ija.ija_735_22
7. Lastoria DA, Halicka Z, Liu KC, Bonsu EO, Reaveley M, Parry D. Fascia iliaca blocks: a cadaveric study comparing the suprainguinal approach to the loss of resistance technique. Cureus. 2023 Apr 28;15(4):e38243. https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.38243
8. Vermeylen K, Desmet M, Leunen I, Soetens F, Neyrinck A, Carens D, Caerts B, Seynaeve P, Hadzic A, Van de Velde M. Supra-inguinal injection for fascia iliaca compartment block results in more consistent spread towards the lumbar plexus than an infra-inguinal injection: a volunteer study. Regional Anesthesia & Pain Medicine. 2019 Apr 1;44(4):483-91. https://doi.org/10.1136/rapm-2018-100092
9. Jiang BW, Guo Y, Han YN, Bai YH, Chen X, Zhao KF, Liu YB, Wang CG. Iliopsoas plane block versus femoral nerve block for postoperative quality of recovery following hip arthroplasty: a randomized controlled trial. Scientific Reports. 2025 May 5;15(1):15723. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-00978-4
10. O’reilly N, Desmet M, Kearns R. Fascia iliaca compartment block. BJA education. 2019 Jun 1;19(6):191-7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bjae.2019.03.001
11. Yeoh SR, Chou Y, Chan SM, Hou JD, Lin JA. Pericapsular Nerve Group Block and Iliopsoas Plane Block: A Scoping Review of Quadriceps Weakness after Two Proclaimed Motor-Sparing Hip Blocks. Healthcare (Basel). 2022 Aug 18;10(8):1565. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare10081565

How to Cite this Article: Yadav K, Mishra NK, Singh PR. Para-Iliopsoas Block: Anatomical Rationale, Technique, and Contemporary Clinical Perspective. International Journal of Regional Anaesthesia. July-December 2025; 6(1): 08-11. DOI: https://doi.org/10.13107/ijra.2025.v06.i02.132

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Modified Thoracoabdominal Plane Block (M-TAPA): Narrative Technical Review

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Vol 6 | Issue 2 | July-December 2025 | Page 03-06 | Shilpa Bhat

DOI: https://doi.org/10.13107/ijra.2025.v06.i02.128

Open Access License: CC BY-NC 4.0

Copyright Statement: Copyright © 2025; The Author(s).

Submitted: 07-09-2025; Reviewed: 28-09-2025; Accepted: 23-11-2025; Published: 10-12-2025

Authors: Shilpa Bhat [1]

[1] Department of Anaesthesia, Yenepoya Medical College, Mangaluru, Karnataka, India.

Address of Correspondence

Dr. Shilpa Bhat,
Department of Anaesthesia, Yenepoya Medical College, Mangaluru, Karnataka, India.
Email ID: shilpabhat04@gmail.com

Abstract

The modified thoracoabdominal plane block through a perichondrial approach (M-TAPA) is an emerging ultrasound-guided fascial plane technique developed to improve analgesia for upper abdominal surgery. This narrative technical review summarizes current anatomical concepts, procedural technique, injectate spread, clinical applications, and available evidence. Relevant anatomical, cadaveric, ultrasound, and clinical studies were critically reviewed to provide a practical overview. Available data indicate that M-TAPA predominantly provides anterior abdominal wall analgesia with preferential involvement of anterior cutaneous branches and may reduce postoperative pain and opioid requirements in selected procedures. Dermatomal spread, however, remains variable and appears to depend more on fascial anatomy, probe positioning, and accurate perichondrial plane identification than on injectate volume alone. Existing literature is limited by small sample sizes and heterogeneity in methodology, limiting direct comparisons with established fascial plane blocks. Overall, M-TAPA represents an anatomy-driven refinement with promising clinical utility when performed using meticulous ultrasound guidance and sound anatomical principles.
M-TAPA is a promising ultrasound guided fascial plane block that offers targeted anterior abdominal wall analgesia. Further high-quality comparative studies are needed to define its optimal indications, reproducibility, and role in contemporary perioperative pain management.
Keywords: Modified thoracoabdominal plane block, M-TAPA, Ultrasound-guided fascial plane block, Abdominal wall analgesia, Perioperative pain management.

References

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3. Ahiskalioglu A, Tulgar S, Celik M, et al. Spread of dye in modified thoracoabdominal nerves block through perichondrial approach in a cadaveric study. Surg Radiol Anat. 2020;42(4):469-75.
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8. Ökmen K, Metin Ökmen B. The effect of M-TAPA block on postoperative analgesia in laparoscopic cholecystectomy. J Anesth. 2021;35(4):589-96.
9. Suzuka T, Tanaka N, Kadoya Y, Ida M, Iwata M, Ozu N, et al. Comparison of quality of recovery between modified thoracoabdominal nerves block through perichondrial approach versus oblique subcostal transversus abdominis plane block in patients undergoing total laparoscopic hysterectomy: a pilot randomized controlled trial. J Clin Med. 2024;13(3):712.doi:10.3390/jcm13030712.
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How to Cite this Article: Bhat S. Modified Thoracoabdominal Plane Block (M-TAPA): Narrative Technical Review. International Journal of Regional Anaesthesia. July-December 2025; 6(2): 03-06. DOI: https://doi.org/10.13107/ijra.2025.v06.i02.128

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The Ever-Evolving Landscape of Digital Entertainment

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The Ever-Evolving Landscape of Digital Entertainment

In the blink of an eye, the way we consume entertainment has been revolutionized. Gone are the days when our options were limited to scheduled television programming or physically renting movies. The digital age has ushered in an era of unprecedented access and variety, transforming how we spend our leisure time. From the casual gamer to the avid cinephile, the digital realm offers a smorgasbord of experiences catering to every taste and preference. This continuous evolution means that staying abreast of the latest trends and platforms is an ongoing journey, one that promises endless discovery and engagement.

The Rise of Streaming and On-Demand Content

Perhaps the most significant shift in digital entertainment has been the meteoric rise of streaming services. Platforms like Netflix, Hulu, Disney+, and Amazon Prime Video have fundamentally altered how we watch movies and television shows. Instead of being tied to broadcast schedules, viewers now have the power to choose what they want to watch, when they want to watch it. This “on-demand” model has not only increased viewer satisfaction but has also spurred a golden age of content creation. With the ability to reach a global audience, creators are emboldened to explore diverse genres, experiment with narrative structures, and produce high-quality, binge-worthy series. The competition among these streaming giants has also led to an explosion of original content, often featuring A-list talent and groundbreaking storytelling. This accessibility extends beyond traditional television formats, with many platforms now offering documentaries, reality shows, and even live events, further diversifying the digital entertainment landscape. The convenience of accessing a vast library of content through a simple subscription, often on multiple devices, has made streaming an indispensable part of modern life for millions worldwide.

This shift towards on-demand viewing has also had a profound impact on the film industry. While theatrical releases still hold a special place, many films now debut simultaneously on streaming platforms or skip the cinema altogether. This hybrid approach offers consumers more flexibility and has opened up new revenue streams for studios and independent filmmakers alike. The accessibility of these platforms also means that niche content and international films, which might have struggled to find distribution in the past, can now reach enthusiastic audiences. The digital revolution in entertainment is not just about passive consumption; it’s about empowering viewers with choice and fostering a more dynamic and inclusive media ecosystem. As technology continues to advance, we can expect even more innovative ways to experience our favorite forms of entertainment, blurring the lines between creator and consumer and offering personalized journeys through a universe of digital delights. The continuous flow of new series, films, and documentaries means there’s always something fresh to discover, ensuring that the digital entertainment landscape remains vibrant and exciting.

Interactive Entertainment and the Gaming Revolution

Beyond passive viewing, the digital realm has become a hotbed for interactive entertainment, with video games leading the charge. The gaming industry has transformed from a niche hobby into a global phenomenon, with diverse genres catering to every imaginable player. From the immersive storytelling of role-playing games to the fast-paced action of first-person shooters and the strategic depth of real-time strategy titles, there’s a game for everyone. The advent of online multiplayer has further amplified the social aspect of gaming, allowing players to connect with friends and strangers from around the world, fostering communities and competitive scenes. Esports, or competitive video gaming, has exploded in popularity, with professional players, massive tournaments, and lucrative sponsorships, mirroring the structure of traditional sports. This interactive nature extends beyond traditional consoles and PCs. Mobile gaming has democratized access, bringing engaging experiences to billions of smartphones worldwide. These games often feature intuitive controls and short play sessions, making them perfect for quick bursts of entertainment throughout the day. The continuous innovation in graphics, gameplay mechanics, and virtual reality technology ensures that the gaming experience is constantly evolving, offering new levels of immersion and engagement.

The accessibility of online gaming has also opened up new avenues for entertainment, including the burgeoning world of online casinos. These platforms offer a digital adaptation of traditional casino games, providing players with the convenience of playing from the comfort of their own homes. With a wide array of slots, table games, and live dealer options, the appeal is broad. For those seeking the thrill of the gamble and the chance to test their luck, finding reliable and up-to-date information is crucial. Navigating the online casino space can sometimes require a bit of research to ensure a smooth and enjoyable experience, and staying informed about the latest developments is key. For instance, keeping up with the jojobet güncel giriş can be essential for players looking to access popular platforms and explore their offerings. The digital transformation of entertainment is multifaceted, and interactive experiences, whether through gaming or other online pursuits, are a testament to its dynamic and ever-expanding nature. The constant introduction of new games, features, and platforms ensures that the interactive entertainment landscape remains a captivating and evolving frontier.

The Social Fabric of Digital Entertainment

Digital entertainment is no longer a solitary pursuit; it has become deeply interwoven with social interaction. Platforms like Twitch have revolutionized how we consume live content, particularly gaming. Viewers can watch their favorite streamers play games, offer commentary, and interact with them in real-time through chat functions. This creates a sense of community and shared experience, even when individuals are physically apart. Beyond gaming, live streaming has expanded to include a diverse range of content, from music performances and cooking tutorials to educational discussions and creative art streams. This fosters a sense of connection and belonging, allowing individuals with shared interests to find each other and engage in meaningful conversations. Social media platforms also play a crucial role in the dissemination and discussion of digital entertainment. Fans can share their thoughts on new movie releases, discuss game strategies, and connect with fellow enthusiasts, creating vibrant online communities. The ability to instantly share reactions, memes, and reviews amplifies the collective enjoyment and cultural impact of entertainment. This interconnectedness means that entertainment experiences are often enhanced by the shared reactions and insights of a wider audience, transforming passive consumption into an active, participatory event. The digital age has democratized not only the creation but also the consumption and discussion of entertainment, making it a truly social and global phenomenon. As technology continues to evolve, we can anticipate even more innovative ways for digital entertainment to bring people together, fostering shared experiences and strengthening communities across geographical boundaries. The ongoing development of platforms that encourage interaction and collaboration solidifies the social dimension as a cornerstone of modern digital entertainment.

Looking Ahead: The Future of Digital Entertainment

The pace of change in digital entertainment shows no signs of slowing down. Emerging technologies like virtual reality (VR) and augmented reality (AR) promise to usher in entirely new forms of immersive experiences. Imagine stepping directly into the worlds of your favorite movies or games, interacting with characters and environments in ways previously confined to our imaginations. The metaverse, a persistent, interconnected set of virtual spaces, is another frontier that could redefine digital entertainment, offering new avenues for social interaction, gaming, and creative expression. AI is also poised to play a significant role, potentially personalizing content recommendations to an unprecedented degree, generating dynamic storylines, and even creating entirely new forms of interactive art. The lines between different forms of entertainment will continue to blur, with experiences becoming more integrated and multi-platform. We might see games that seamlessly transition into interactive films, or live events that incorporate elements of virtual reality for remote attendees. The future of digital entertainment is one of boundless possibility, driven by technological innovation and the ever-present human desire for engaging, exciting, and meaningful experiences. As we move forward, the focus will undoubtedly remain on delivering personalized, accessible, and increasingly immersive entertainment that captivates audiences worldwide. The constant quest for novelty and improved user experience will continue to shape the digital entertainment landscape, ensuring it remains a dynamic and thrilling space for years to come.

The Ever-Evolving Landscape of Online Entertainment: More Than Just Games

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The Ever-Evolving Landscape of Online Entertainment: More Than Just Games

The digital age has fundamentally reshaped how we interact with entertainment. What once involved physical spaces, scheduled showtimes, and tangible media has blossomed into a dynamic, accessible, and incredibly diverse ecosystem. Online entertainment is no longer a niche pursuit; it’s a mainstream phenomenon that caters to a vast array of interests, from the thrill-seeker to the intellectually curious, the social butterfly to the solitary explorer. This evolution isn’t just about new platforms; it’s about a complete redefinition of what entertainment can be, offering unprecedented levels of engagement and personalization.

The sheer breadth of options available today is staggering. We’ve moved far beyond the early days of the internet, where streaming was a novelty and interactive experiences were limited. Now, we have high-definition movies and series on demand, global music libraries at our fingertips, and immersive gaming worlds that blur the lines between reality and fantasy. But the scope extends far beyond these well-known categories. Think about the rise of educational content creators on platforms like YouTube, offering everything from astrophysics lectures to artisanal bread-making tutorials. Consider the explosion of podcasts, covering every conceivable topic, from true crime to historical deep dives, providing a rich audio experience for commuters, exercisers, or anyone seeking to expand their knowledge.

This accessibility is a key driver of the online entertainment revolution. No longer are we limited by geographical location or the constraints of traditional broadcast schedules. A passion for obscure foreign films, a desire to learn a new skill, or the craving for a late-night gaming session can all be satisfied with a few clicks. This democratization of access has empowered creators and consumers alike, fostering a vibrant community where diverse voices can be heard and niche interests can find their audience.

The Rise of Interactive and Social Experiences

One of the most significant shifts in online entertainment has been the move from passive consumption to active participation. Gaming, of course, has always been interactive, but the advent of massively multiplayer online role-playing games (MMORPGs) and esports has taken this to an entirely new level. These platforms foster vibrant online communities where players collaborate, compete, and forge lasting friendships. The social aspect of gaming is undeniable, creating shared experiences that transcend physical boundaries.

Beyond gaming, social media platforms themselves have become a form of entertainment, albeit a unique one. Users engage with content, create their own, and interact with others in real-time. Live streaming services allow for immediate connection with audiences, whether it’s a musician performing live, a chef demonstrating a recipe, or a gamer broadcasting their playthrough. This immediacy and interactivity create a sense of shared presence and community that is deeply engaging.

Even traditional forms of entertainment are adapting. Many streaming services now offer interactive elements within their content, allowing viewers to make choices that affect the narrative. This blurring of lines between viewer and participant is a fascinating development, suggesting a future where entertainment is less about watching and more about doing. The desire for connection and shared experiences is a fundamental human need, and online platforms are providing innovative ways to fulfill it.

Navigating the Digital Playground: Finding Your Niche

With such a vast ocean of content, finding what truly resonates can sometimes feel overwhelming. This is where the beauty of personalization and discoverability algorithms comes into play. Platforms learn our preferences and suggest content tailored to our tastes, helping us uncover hidden gems and explore new avenues of entertainment. However, it’s also important to cultivate a sense of active exploration. Don’t be afraid to step outside your usual comfort zone and try something new.

The world of online entertainment is constantly evolving, with new genres, platforms, and experiences emerging regularly. For those seeking a particular kind of thrill and engagement, the digital landscape offers a multitude of avenues. Whether you’re looking for the excitement of competitive gaming or the simple pleasure of discovering new content, the accessibility of online platforms makes it easier than ever to find what you’re looking for. For example, if you’re interested in exploring various forms of online entertainment, including those that offer dynamic and engaging experiences, finding a reliable portal for such activities is key. A good starting point for exploring these options and ensuring a smooth entry into various digital entertainment spaces is through a trusted source for **casibom giriş**.

The Future of Entertainment: Immersive, Personalized, and Social

Looking ahead, the trajectory of online entertainment points towards even greater immersion and personalization. Virtual reality (VR) and augmented reality (AR) are poised to revolutionize how we experience games, movies, and even social interactions. Imagine stepping directly into the world of your favorite film or attending a virtual concert where you can interact with other attendees.

The role of artificial intelligence (AI) will also become increasingly significant. AI can be used to generate personalized content, create more realistic virtual environments, and even act as interactive characters within entertainment experiences. This will lead to a future where entertainment is not only tailored to our individual preferences but also dynamically adapts to our engagement.

Furthermore, the lines between different forms of entertainment will continue to blur. We may see more hybrid experiences that combine elements of gaming, storytelling, social interaction, and even educational content. The creator economy will continue to flourish, empowering individuals to build audiences and monetize their unique talents and perspectives.

The digital age has gifted us an unparalleled universe of entertainment. It’s a space that encourages exploration, fosters connection, and continuously pushes the boundaries of what’s possible. From the simple joy of watching a favorite show to the complex thrill of competing in a virtual arena, online entertainment offers something for everyone, and its evolution shows no signs of slowing down. The key is to embrace the possibilities, explore with an open mind, and find the experiences that bring you the most joy and engagement.

The Ever-Evolving Landscape of Modern Entertainment

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The Ever-Evolving Landscape of Modern Entertainment

In the digital age, the way we consume entertainment has undergone a radical transformation. Gone are the days when our choices were limited to a handful of television channels or scheduled movie showtimes. Today, a vast ocean of content is accessible at our fingertips, catering to every imaginable taste and preference. This article will delve into the diverse and dynamic world of modern entertainment, exploring how technology has reshaped our experiences and what exciting possibilities lie ahead.

The Rise of Streaming Services and On-Demand Content

Perhaps the most significant shift in entertainment consumption has been the meteoric rise of streaming services. Platforms like Netflix, Amazon Prime Video, Hulu, and Disney+ have revolutionized how we watch movies and TV shows. The concept of “binge-watching” has become commonplace, allowing viewers to consume entire seasons of their favorite series at their own pace. This on-demand model provides unparalleled flexibility, freeing us from rigid broadcast schedules and empowering us to curate our viewing experiences.

Beyond traditional television and film, streaming has also democratized access to a wider array of content. Documentaries, independent films, international cinema, and niche genres that might have struggled to find a place on traditional broadcast networks now have dedicated audiences through these platforms. Furthermore, the ability to access content across multiple devices – from smart TVs and laptops to tablets and smartphones – means that entertainment is no longer confined to the living room. We can now enjoy our favorite shows and movies during commutes, lunch breaks, or whenever the mood strikes.

This shift has also fostered a new era of content creation. With the demand for original programming skyrocketing, streaming services have become major hubs for talent, investing heavily in unique storytelling and diverse perspectives. This has led to a golden age of television, with critically acclaimed series pushing the boundaries of narrative and production value. The competition among streaming giants also means a constant influx of new and exciting content, ensuring that there’s always something fresh to discover.

The Interactive Revolution: Gaming and Beyond

The world of gaming has also experienced an incredible evolution. From simple pixelated arcade games to photorealistic virtual worlds, video games have become a dominant force in the entertainment industry. The advent of online multiplayer gaming has transformed gaming from a solitary activity into a social experience, allowing players from across the globe to connect, compete, and collaborate.

Esports, the competitive arena of video gaming, has emerged as a professional sport in its own right, attracting massive audiences and lucrative sponsorships. Major tournaments fill stadiums and are watched by millions online, showcasing the skill, strategy, and dedication of professional gamers. This burgeoning industry offers a new form of spectator entertainment, blurring the lines between traditional sports and digital experiences.

Beyond traditional gaming, interactive entertainment is expanding into new territories. Virtual Reality (VR) and Augmented Reality (AR) technologies are creating immersive experiences that were once the stuff of science fiction. VR allows us to step into entirely new worlds, offering a level of presence and engagement that is unparalleled. AR, on the other hand, overlays digital information and graphics onto the real world, opening up possibilities for interactive games, educational tools, and innovative ways of experiencing our surroundings.

The Social Dimension of Entertainment

Entertainment is increasingly becoming a shared and social activity, even when consumed individually. Social media platforms play a crucial role in this phenomenon. We share recommendations, discuss plot twists, and create memes around our favorite shows and games, fostering a sense of community around shared interests. Live-tweeting during premieres or sporting events has become a popular way to engage with others in real-time, adding another layer of interaction to the viewing experience.

The rise of content creators on platforms like YouTube and TikTok has further amplified this social aspect. These individuals build dedicated fan bases by producing content ranging from reviews and commentary to vlogs and sketches. Their ability to connect with audiences on a personal level has made them influential figures in the entertainment landscape, often influencing trends and driving discussions around popular culture.

Furthermore, the way we discover new entertainment is heavily influenced by social networks and algorithms. While this can lead to personalized recommendations that enhance our viewing pleasure, it also raises questions about filter bubbles and the potential for missing out on diverse perspectives. Navigating this landscape requires a conscious effort to explore beyond curated suggestions.

The Future of Entertainment: Personalization, Interactivity, and Immersive Experiences

Looking ahead, the future of entertainment promises even more exciting innovations. Personalization will likely reach new heights, with AI-driven systems understanding our preferences on a granular level, offering tailored content suggestions and even dynamically adjusting narratives to suit individual tastes. Imagine a movie where the ending changes based on your emotional response or a game that adapts its difficulty and storyline in real-time to your playstyle.

Interactivity will continue to be a driving force. We can expect more sophisticated forms of audience participation, perhaps even allowing viewers to influence the direction of live events or productions. The lines between creator and consumer will continue to blur as tools for content creation become more accessible, empowering more people to share their stories and talents.

Immersive experiences, powered by advancements in VR, AR, and potentially even brain-computer interfaces, will offer unprecedented levels of engagement. We might soon be able to attend virtual concerts with friends from around the world, explore historical sites with lifelike accuracy, or step directly into the worlds of our favorite fictional characters. The ability to experience content not just through sight and sound, but through a full sensory immersion, holds immense potential.

As the digital landscape continues to evolve, so too will the ways we engage with entertainment. The constant innovation and the increasing accessibility of powerful creative tools suggest a future where entertainment is more personalized, interactive, and deeply engaging than ever before. From the comfort of our homes to the vast expanse of virtual worlds, the journey of modern entertainment is one of continuous discovery and boundless possibility. For those seeking to explore new avenues of entertainment, keeping an eye on platforms offering live streaming and diverse content can be a rewarding endeavor. For instance, exploring options like jojobet tv could lead to discovering a new way to experience sports or other live events.